Sunday, November 16, 2008

Gay AND Christian?
 Yes It IS Possible! ChristianGays.com by Mary Pearson 



Mission Statement - by Mary Pearson 



ChristianGays.com was created to provide the resources for any who wish to understand the ACCURATE interpretation of the Original Scriptures with regard to homosexuality. 

It is our belief that God loves us all just as we were created, including our orientation when we are devoted to Jesus Christ and we live our lives according to Christ's standards. 

We encourage connection with other gay Christians through our Newsletter, List Serve, Chat Rooms, Message Boards, Blogging and Personal Ads. 

We have no agenda to change anyone's mind about their own personal views and we will not indulge in debate. This website merely provides the resources for those who wish to investigate a different perspective than the traditional. 

ChristianGays.com is a subsidiary of MAP Enterprises, a member of

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ChristianGays.com affirms homosexuality as a valid alternative lifestyle supported by enlightened ACCURATE interpretation of the Bible. We are a community of GLBTIQ Christians (and a few other faiths) from 13 - 93 who would love to welcome you as part of “the family”. 5,000 pages of Resources, Education, Free Dating Service, Chat Room, List Serve, Prison Ministry, Blogging, Books & Music For Sale and much more . .


The personal stories that are shared with you here are provided to give you hope that it IS possible to reconcile your faith with your sexuality. Follow their journeys. Perhaps you will relate to some of them.                           Photo by   Oleksiy Maksymenko

Developmental Narratives Growing Up Gay - Overview - Fr. Marty Kurylowicz

Richard Isay, M.D. & Jack Drescher, M.D. address the early childhood psychological developmental years growing up gay, from extensive clinical psychotherapy sessions with gay clients, as they retrospectively look back into their early childhood years. There are several similar recurring themes that keep merging in the gay developmental narratives.

At 4 and 5 years of age, feeling “different,” not gay 

Richard Isay, M.D., in his book Becoming Gay, The Journey to Self-Acceptance, describes that gay male patients who recall as far back as being 4 and 5 years of age remember feeling and knowing in some way that they were different from everyone else, not that they were gay, only that they felt “different.” Dr. Isay’s findings did not follow the accepted theory about homosexuality, that it was a developmental failure. This failure is described as a setting where a boy grows up with a father who is distant or non-existent and a binding mother.


Heterosexual Boy -- Early Childhood Years


Jack Drescher, M.D. in his book Psychoanalytic Therapy & The Gay Man describes the complexities related to growing up gay; from his research of developmental narratives of gay adults retrospectively recalling their feelings being gay began in early childhood. These gay feelings had remained constant, and were resistant to being altered. Dr. Drescher explains the contrast of how social norms impact the psychology of the early childhood developmental years of a heterosexual boy and a homosexual boy.

For a heterosexual boy growing up in early childhood years, he will likely say that he wants to marry his mother. The adults hearing this boy will react with positive expressions of delight and love for the boy, thinking how really innocent and transparent is this boy’s love for his mother. With gentleness and fondness the boy will be told in a very positive way that he cannot marry his mother, but that when he grows up, he can marry someone just like his mother. What is of prime importance here is that it is conveyed to this boy, by his parents and other significant adult figures in his life at this time in his life, that it is permissible for him to entertain his wishes and his strivings to be one with another person like his mother in the future. This is a positive way that this child begins acquiring a heterosexual identity that is acceptable, encouraged and ritualized by social norms.

Abuse and Trauma in Early Childhood Years


What happens to most though not all boys in early childhood who grow up to be gay is neither positive nor embraced by social norms.

What happens to a child in the first 5 years of life is of significant importance that will resonate throughout his or her entire life. Maybe this why Jesus was so protective of children and gave the severest warning to anyone who would harm them. It is unfortunate that children between 1 and 5 years of age do not have lobbyists who will lobby for their best interests.

Henry Krystal, M.D., in his book Integration & Self-Healing, Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia, explains the effects of abuse and trauma caused to children in the early childhood development years beginning in infancy. Such as a child who suffers severe disappointments tends to have difficulty being able to tolerate any kind of hopeful expectation of being fed or loved. This child as an adult tends not to be able to express any feelings or emotions other than anger. When a child’s contacts with a parental caretaker while growing up were consistently disappointing, the child soon learns that any expectations of his hopes being gratified will only provoke thoughts in the child of being hurt and feeling helpless. If, in early childhood developmental years, a child is not helped to feel that it is permissible to entertain that his hopes and wishes for future gratification are, in fact, acceptable, then this child will be pushed into a direction of hopelessness.

Written by Martin S. Kurylowicz, M.Div., M.S.
Edited by Madeline Wright, Ph.D., M.S.

Cause of Homosexuality: Nature -- Nurture

The works of Jack Drescher, M.D., & Richard Isay, M.D., give a fuller description of the impact of antigay social norms on the early childhood psychological development of boys who grow up to be gay, related to their developmental narratives research.


The previously accepted theory about homosexuality was that it was considered a developmental failure. This failure was described as due to a boy growing up in an environment where the father is distant or non-existent and with a mother who is binding.

The extensive research from the developmental narratives of gay adult men provided a different explanation for the same observable family interactive behaviors that describes homosexuality as a developmental failure.

Jack Drescher, M.D. (video clip) is clear about the fact that the exact cause of homosexuality, as to the precise contributing factors of nature and nurture is still unknown. However, from these developmental narratives they clearly indicate that these childhood feelings associated with being gay, began very early in a child’s life and that are not “… easily amenable to change.”


These findings give significant cause for concern for how we treat particularly very young children regarding sexual orientation and how children are so often mistreated, at times severely, mostly unintentionally, but always through ignorance.

From a composite of these development narratives about boys who grows up to be gay, they remember feeling “different” at 4 and 5 years of age. “Different” here does not mean “gay” their feelings are related to how they felt at the time, because of how their interactions were received and treated by the adults, in their lives.

Homosexual Boy -- Early Childhood Years


The mother is not observed as binding, as much as this boy tends to identify with his mother. Similar to a boy who grows up to be heterosexual, at 4 and 5 years of age, who wants to marry his mother, a boy, who grows up to be gay, at the same age, will want to marry, instead his dad. However, this boy who expresses he wants to marry his dad will not be treated with the same positive regard, as the boy who wants to marry is his mother. This is quite different from the way the other boy was received and treated.

This is the “different” feeling; an unpleasant feeling, disturbing, because it runs counter to a child’s anticipation of the need for love. When any child, at a very young of 3, 4 or 5 years of age, out of innocence expresses such an expression of affection towards a parent of the same sex and then encounters an unexpected response of detachment, this can be quite traumatizing for any child. This boy child will be told that he cannot marry his dad, because boys do not marry boys.


This is the critical difference in the treatment between these two boys, because for this boy who grows up to be gay it is likely to be conveyed to him by his parents that it is not permissible for him to entertain his nature wishes and his strivings to be with another person like his dad in the future. Instead for this boy child he is being pushed into the direction of hopelessness. This child learns that there is no hope of being close to another human being, ever in the future.


Harm to the Homosexual Boy -- Early Childhood Years

A father may feel uncomfortable with his young son's affection for him. It is possible that the son’s affections for his father may stir up in the father the father’s own homophobic feelings. The father may start to distance himself from his son out of discomfort, fear of his own homophobic feelings, or concern for the future well-being of his son growing up in a world that is hostile towards people who are homosexuals. The same fathers may feel it necessary to toughen up their sons by using overly aggressive physical behavior. These boys, throughout their early childhood years, are likely to experience their fathers distancing themselves from them. The sons will experience the fathers' distancing behavior as abandonment.

A Son Learns to Fear the Feeling of Love for his Father

Children learn whether or not their overt emotional expressions will bring relief, help, and acceptance, or whether they will bring disapproval and punishment. When the emotional expressions meet with disapproval by parents, young children will feel guilt and shame, because they observe that their overt emotions are unacceptable. Children not only have the emotion from experiencing the original pain, but in addition when they see that their emotions do not match what the parents hope for, they feel guilt and shame about how they express their emotion. They want to identify with their parents' way of behaving but feel they have failed to live up to their idealization of their parents. In later life they become afraid to express certain emotions, because they were shamed for having displayed them in an uncontrollable manner in childhood.


Dr. Henry Krystal
, in his book Integration & Self-Healing, Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia, gives the example of a child who is frightened and begins to cry but instead of experiencing comfort is disciplined for crying. This causes the child to suffer additional mortification, a secondary reaction, because the child observes his or her behavior as “childish.” Besides the original pain that prompted the emotional display of a cry for help, the child begins to attack himself or herself for “childish” behavior. This secondary reaction causes the child to fear his or her own expression of emotions. What happens with a young son who shows affection to his father, but instead is shunned by his father, is that the boy feels shamed and humiliated. This secondary reaction causes the child to fear the feeling of love for the same-sex parent.

Written by Martin S. Kurylowicz, M.Div., M.S.
Edited by Madeline Wright, Ph.D., M.S.





SEXUAL CONVERSION THERAPIES -by Jack Drescher, M.D.

Jack Drescher, M.D. is Past Chair (2000-2006) of the Committee on Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues of the American Psychiatric Association. He is also a Past President of the New York City District Branch of the APA.

He is a Training and Supervising Analyst at the William Alanson White Psychoanalytic Institute, Adjunct Clinical Professor at the New York University Postdoctoral Program in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis, and an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at both New York Medical College and the State University of New York—Downstate.

Dr. Drescher has edited two volumes on sexual conversion therapies: Sexual Conversion Therapy: Ethical, Clinical, and Research Perspectives and Ex-Gay Research: Analyzing the Spitzer Study and Its Relation to Science, Religion, Politics and Culture.

Synopsis


This paper begins with a historical review of mental health attitudes toward homosexuality. Starting in the 19th century, and continuing into the modern era, there have been ongoing scientific, legal and political debates about whether homosexuality is a normal variation of human sexual expression, a psychiatric illness, or a form of psychological immaturity.
The view of homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder first emerged in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, Freud considered homosexuality a developmental arrest, rather than an illness, but by the 1940s, neo-Freudians reclassified homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder. Their view dominated American psychiatry until it was challenged by sexologists of the same era whose research supported a view that homosexuality is a normal variant of human sexual expression. In 1973, following a process which is reviewed here, the American Psychiatric Association adopted the normal variant view and removed “homosexuality” from its diagnostic manual. By 1992, the World Health Organization followed suit and removed the diagnosis from the International Classification of Disease.


In the ensuing years, what was once a scientific dispute has become a sociopolitical debate in the “culture wars.” The two broad views of homosexuality being debated are the normal/identity model and the illness/behavior model. While the mental health mainstream has rejected the latter and embraced the former, religious social conservatives now pathologize homosexuality. However, because illness arguments are not supported by scientific research, conversion therapists, much like adherents of the intelligent design movement, have argued most of their case before the general public. They have also overstated the likelihood of change in ways that support political arguments and legislation that deny equal civil rights for lesbians and gay men.

This paper then goes on to critically review some clinical, research and ethical issues associated with sexual conversion therapies, including the Spitzer study.


Sexual Conversion Therapies
Jack Drescher, M.D.


In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed “homosexuality” from its diagnostic manual (1) and, consequently, the mental health mainstream would eventually give up the historical practice of trying to “cure” homosexuality. These changes are today reflected in training programs of psychiatry, psychology, social work, medicine and nursing. No mainstream mental health training program teaches how to change a person’s sexual orientation and the training focus has shifted to affirming the mental health needs of gay, lesbian and bisexual (GLB) patients (2, 3, 4).

What led to these changes? This paper begins with a history of mental health attitudes toward homosexuality from the 19th century to modern times. It then goes on to explain the cultural context in which present debates around sexual conversion therapies are shaped. Finally, the paper reviews some clinical, research and ethical issues surrounding these controversial approaches.

I. History of Mental Health Attitudes Toward Homosexuality

19th Century Medicalization: From Sin to Illness


In 19th century Europe, homosexuality received increased scrutiny from diverse fields: law, medicine, psychiatry, sexology and human rights activism. In 1869, Hungarian journalist Károli Mária Kertbeny coined the terms “homosexual” and “homosexuality” (5), arguing for a normative view of same-sex relationships in response to Prussia’s criminalizing male homosexuality.

While adopting his terminology, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, a neurologist, rejected the Kerbeny’s “normal variant” theory and labeled homosexuality a “degenerative” disorder. Kraft-Ebing’s 1886 Psychopathia Sexualis (6) viewed unconventional sexual behaviors from an emerging Darwinian approach: all nonprocreative sexual behaviors were presumed to be psychiatric disorders.

Two decades later, Freud took issue with Krafft-Ebing’s theory in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (7). Freud argued that homosexuality is not a “degenerative condition” because, among other reasons, it is “found in people . . . distinguished by specially high intellectual development and ethical culture” (p. 139). Freud argued that homosexuality is a normal phase of heterosexual development and adult homosexual behavior “arrested” psychosexual development. He later wrote several papers attributing the homosexuality of specific individuals to family dynamics (8, 9).


Freud was pessimistic about efforts to convert homosexuality. In 1920 he wrote, “. . . to undertake to convert a fully developed homosexual into a heterosexual does not offer much more prospect of success than the reverse, except that for good practical reasons the latter is never attempted” (9, p. 151).

Freud’s theory of “stunted growth,” what I call a “theory of immaturity” (10), is often conflated with illness models, or theories of pathology. Yet Freud maintained toward the end of his life that homosexuality “is nothing to be ashamed of, no vice, no degradation; it cannot be classified as an illness; we consider it to be a variation of the sexual function, produced by a certain arrest of sexual development” (11).

Mid 20th Century Psychoanalysis

Following Freud’s death in 1939, neo-Freudian views openly pathologized homosexuality. Most influential was Sandor Rado (12), whose “adaptational” theory had a significant impact on psychiatric thought in the mid-twentieth century. Rado claimed there was no “innate bisexuality” or “normal homosexuality.” Heterosexuality was biologically normal and homosexuality a “phobic” avoidance of the other sex caused by inadequate parenting.

Following in the footsteps of Rado, Bieber et al. (13) considered homosexuality “a pathologic biosocial, psychosexual adaptation consequent to pervasive fears surrounding the expression of heterosexual impulses” (p. 220). In their study, Bieber and colleagues reported on their treatment of 106 homosexaul men. Claiming a 27% "cure" rate with psychoanalysis, when

challenged a decade later to produce a “cured” patient, they were unable to do so (14). Socarides (15) labeled homosexuality a “resolution of the separation from the mother by running away from all women” (p. 60) and claimed to have “cured” 35% of his homosexual patients over a 10-year period (1967-1977) (16). Ovesey (17) called homosexuality “a deviant form of sexual adaptation into which the patient is forced by the injection of fear into the normal sexual function” (pp. 20-21). These theories formed a basis for including “homosexuality” in the first two editions of APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (18, 19). Photo (Charles Socarides, M.D.)

Mid 20th Century Sexology

While psychiatrists drew conclusions from a self-selected group (patients seeking treatment for their homosexuality) and wrote case reports, sexologists went into the field and studied large numbers of non-patient subjects. Their research lent support to a view that homosexuality, like heterosexuality, is a normal variation of human sexual expression.

Among these were the 1948 and 1953 Kinsey reports (20, 21), which surveyed thousands of people, and found homosexuality more common in the general population than was generally believed. Kinsey’s now-famous “10%” statistic is today believed to be closer to 1-4% (22). Kinsey’s findings contradicted prevailing psychiatric views of his time that claimed homosexuality was rare in the general population. In 1951,

Ford and Beach (23) published a cross-cultural and ethological study cofirming Kinsey’s view that homosexuality was not rare and that it among other species in natural settings. In 1957, Evelyn Hooker (24) demonstrated, through impartially interpreted projective tests that a group of non-patient homosexual men showed no more psychopathology than heterosexual controls.


The 1973 APA Decision: Psychoanalysis and Sexology Clash

American psychiatry, dominated at the time by psychoanalytic “ego psychology,” mostly ignored sexology research and its normalizing conclusions. However, in 1970 this research came to the attention of APA when gay activists, convinced that psychiatry’s pathologizing of homosexuality contributed to social stigma, disrupted the 1970 and 1971 annual APA meetings (1). In response, APA permitted two panels at the 1971 and 1972 meetings. The first featured nonpatient gay activists explaining to a psychiatric audience the stigma caused by their “diagnosis.” At the 1972 meeting, the activists returned, joined by a psychiatrist. John Fryer, MD, who appeared as “Dr. H Anonymous,” disguising his true identity from the audience and who spoke of the discrimination gay psychiatrists faced in their own profession (25). As an openly gay physician could lose his medical license and professional standing, Fryer, wore a rubber mask, a fright wig, and an oversized tuxedo. He spoke as a closeted gay man to heterosexual colleagues, explaining why he could not be open with them.

From 1971-1973, APA also embarked upon an internal process to study the scientific question of whether homosexuality should be considered a psychiatric disorder. APA’s Nomenclature Committee reviewed the psychiatric, psychoanalytic and sexology literature. The latter, a subject not usually taught in psychiatric training programs at that time, was unfamiliar to most psychiatrists (26).

Following its extensive review, the Nomenclature Committee recommended removing homosexuality from the DSM. After review and approval by other APA committees and deliberative bodies, in December 1973, APA’s Board of Trustees voted to remove homosexuality from the DSM. However, psychiatrists who objected to removal petitioned to have a referendum so the entire APA membership could vote on the issue. In 1974, the decision to remove was upheld by a 58% majority of voting members. Within two years, other professional organizations, including the American Psychological Association, the National Association of Social Workers, and the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, endorsed the APA decision. In 1992, the World Health Organization accepted American psychiatry’s view and removed homosexuality per se from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) (27).

II. Sexual Conversion Therapies in a Cultural Context:

From Clinical Debates to Culture Wars

Following the 1973 decision, cultural attitudes about homosexuality shifted slowly in the US and elsewhere. A new perspective emerged in western societies: (1) if homosexuality is not an illness, and (2) if one does not literally accept biblical prohibitions against homosexuality, and (3) if gay people are able and prepared to function as productive citizens, what is wrong with being gay? Gradually, what had once been a secular view of homosexuality as pathological was replaced by the belief that it was a normal variant of sexual expression.

Some segments of society reject and oppose this acceptance. Where the mental health mainstream has depathologized homosexuality, a small but vocal minority has resurrected old arguments that homosexuality is a mental disorder and promotes sexual conversion therapies. As a result, a scientific dispute about homosexuality once thought to be a settled has been resuscitated in political debates known as the “culture wars” (28).

Opposing Models of Homosexuality in the Culture Wars

In reductionistic terms, there are two positions in the culture wars. What I call the normal/identity model (29, 30) regards homosexuality as a normal variation of sexual expression. In general, proponents of this model either believe that homosexuality is biologically inborn or, in religious terms, that gay people are “made that way” by their creator. Thus, for most gay people, homosexuality is fixed and immutable and that like race, one’s sexual orientation is intrinsic to one’s social identity. Proponents of this model see gay, lesbian or bisexual (GLB) individuals as members of a sexual minority who should not be subject to discrimination for being GLB. If one accepts this model, GLB people facing societal antihomosexual attitudes should have legal protections that allow them to work in any job setting (including the armed forces and the public schools), to form legally recognized, committed relationships (with benefits that accrue from legal recognition), to raise children and to live wherever they choose. In other words, the normal/identity model underlies much of the movement for GLB civil rights.

On the culture war’s opposing side is the illness/behavior model. This defines any open expressions of homosexuality as symptoms of a psychiatric illness, a moral failing, or a spiritual illness. This model further maintains that homosexuality is harmful since neither psychiatric nor spiritual illness can provide a foundation for creating a normal identity, a normal family life or a stable society. Proponents of this model further argue that homosexuality is not innate; it is a “learned behavior” that can be altered , either through psychotherapy, faith healing, or both. As this model defines homosexuality as “behavior,” no one is “born gay” and there is no need to recognize a gay or lesbian identity. It follows from this belief that there can be no substantive basis for enacting civil rights protections for a behavior” and proponents of the illness/behavior model refer to GLB civil rights protections as “special rights.” Finally, if an individual can change his or her sexual behavior, and give up a GLB identity, it suggests to believers of this model that homosexuality is not intrinsic to a person’s identity.

The Resuscitation of Sexual Conversion Therapy

Although some motives for the resuscitation of conversion therapy are political (see below), in part the movement began with efforts in the 1970s and 80s to temper religious, antihomosexual traditions of condemnation with compassion for homosexual individuals (31, 32). Historically, many religious communities treated homosexuality as a greater sin than others. However, in this emerging religious perspective, a gay man or woman does not have to be automatically expelled or shunned by their community of faith. Instead they are embraced for renouncing homosexuality and seeking “healing.” This changing environment has led to a growing movement of religiously based self-help groups for individuals who refer to themselves as “ex-gay” (33, 34).


As the APA and other scientific professions adopted a normalizing view, the mental health mainstream grew less receptive to the theories and practices of secular conversion therapists (35). By 1992, even the American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA), whose members organized the referendum to challenge the APA’s 1973 decision, adopted a position statement opposing sexual orientation discrimination in training and promotion of psychoanalysts (36). That same year, some disaffected APsaA members formed a new group, the National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH). NARTH’s membership includes secular and religious therapists who believe homosexuality to be a mental disorder and that “treatment” to “change” should be made available to anyone who wants it.


It should be noted that NARTH’s membership is quite small (1500) when compared to mainstream groups like the American Psychiatric Association (35,000 members) and the American Psychological Association (150,000). Nevertheless, NARTH spokespersons, speak as “mental health experts” for conservative, religious groups with sophisticated media expertise and are often in the public eye with a frequency that belies their actual influence in the professions.

NARTH’s role in debates about sexual conversion therapy parallels that of “creation scientists” or “intelligent design” advocates in media coverage of the teaching of evolution (37, 38). In fact, many political and religious groups that oppose teaching evolution also oppose the cultural normalization of homosexuality. Thus, similarities in the strategies of intelligent design and conversion therapy advocates are not coincidental.

These include:
• Present an issue to the general public as if it were a debate among professionals
• Create “think-tanks” and promote self-appointed “experts” to the media to make the case to the general public for the marginal theory
• Appeal to the public’s sense of fair play and claim discrimination in academic quarters against proponents of the marginal theory
• Impugn, to the public, the motives of mainstream organizations and individuals whosescientific work discredits the marginal theory
• Confuse the public by using selective scientific citations and scientific-sounding criticisms to support a marginal theory and criticize the mainstream theory

NARTH spokespersons espouse psychodynamic theories long repudiated by the mental health mainstream (39, 40, 41). They simultaneously dismiss scientific theories supporting a biological basis for sexual orientation. They claim the mental health mainstream has been taken over by “homosexual activists” and that the truth about the possibility of changing one’s sexual orientation is being suppressed. Working with socially conservative, religious organizations, NARTH “experts” are invited to speak at conferences aimed at a network of religious audiences throughout the US (42). What they choose to present and what they omit is the subject of the next section.


III. Clinical and Research Issues


In the 1990s, as organized proponents of sexual conversion therapies made their case in the popular media, articles began to appear in professional publications that raised concerns about the efficacy, ethics and possible harm these therapies might cause (35, 43, 44, 45, 46). To date, there are numerous anecdotal reports but little rigorous research evaluating either the efficacy or harm of sexual conversion therapies. There is sparse scientific data about selection criteria, the risks versus benefits of the treatment, or long-term outcomes of such treatments. However, when reaching out to the public about the benefits of sexual conversion therapies, advocates tend to downplay or omit important clinical issues.






The Majority Who Try Do No Change


Bieber and colleagues (13) reported that 73% of their 106 homosexual patients in psychoanalytic treatment did not change sexual orientation. Socarides (16) reports that 65% of the patients he treated over a ten-year period did not change. Nicolosi (40) acknowledges that conversion therapy “is not a ‘cure’ in the sense of erasing all homosexual feelings.” (p. xviii).


Absence of Selection Criteria


Who is a good candidate for sexual conversion therapy? Lionel Ovesey (47) offered broad guidelines but concluded that “ . . . those who seek treatment are candidates for treatment; those who don’t are not (p. 118). In what can be gleaned from anecdotal reports, this approach is common and anyone wishing to undergo a sexual conversion therapy, regardless of the likelihood of success, will find an obliging therapist.


No Harm in Trying?


A willingness to take anyone into treatment undoubtedly stems, in part, from the belief that there is no harm trying to change one’s sexual orientation. In a review of the sexual conversion therapy literature, or on the NARTH website, claims of benefits are often overstated with no mention of possible adverse side effects. However, there are anecdotal reports of possible harm.


One significant issue is how conversion therapists establish a situation that leads to patient-blaming. Rather than emphasizing the skill of a particular therapist or the efficacy of treatment, patients are frequently told that their own motivation (or faith) is the primary factor leading to change. These therapists often label a patient’s difficulties as “resistance” to change. Then, when treatment fails—and based on their own reports, most treatments do not lead to change—even if the therapist does not overtly blame the patient, in many cases patients blame themselves. Again, according to anecdotal reports, after treatment fails, patients feel worse than when they started. In such cases, patients report a worsening of depression, onset of anxiety, and feelings of suicide. Significantly, these results are not reported in any of the published reports or on the websites of sexual co
nversion therapists.


In an effort to convert, some patients enter heterosexual marriages—often with the encouragement or urging of their therapist. In some cases, a heterosexual spouse may be aware of the partner’s homosexuality, although not always. Often couples have children. While conversion therapists may see marriage and parenthood as markers of therapeutic success, the ability to marry and procreate does not necessarily lead to cessation of homosexual desires. Sometimes marriages fall apart or, in cases where the couples do not believe in divorce, these families live in tragic circumstances (48, 49, 50, 51).

Another reported harm stems from delaying the process of “coming out” as gay and spending years in an ultimately unsuccessful sexual conversion therapy where one is taught to denigrate one’s homosexual feelings. In one small study of gay men who came out after failed sexual conversion therapy, the subjects reported difficulties with self-esteem, depression, intimacy problems, social withdrawal, and sexual dysfunction (52).


Anecdotal Evidence and APA Response


In the medical profession, anecdotal reports of a medication’s harm would trigger an investigation by the Food and Drug Administration. However, no government regulatory body monitors sexual conversion therapies. Professional organizations can speak out against controversial “therapies” but have no ability to regulate non-members. In 2000, the American Psychiatric Association raised concerns about possible harm in a position statement by its Commission on Psychotherapy by Psychiatrists (COPP), recommending:

1. Affirmation of APA’s 1973 position that homosexuality is not a mental disorder and that APA respond as a scientific organization when claims are made that is.
2. That ethical practitioners refrain from attempts to change individuals’ sexual orientation, keeping in mind the medical dictum to first, do no harm.
3. That APA should encourage and support research in the National Institute of Mental Health and the academic research community to further determine conversion therapies’ risks versus their benefits (53).






The Spitzer Study


In 2001, Robert L. Spitzer, MD, presented preliminary findings of a study designed to determine whether it was possible to change sexual orientation. Thirty years earlier, Spitzer had been on the APA’s nomenclature committee and played a significant role in recommending that homosexuality be removed from the DSM (1, 31). The irony of Spitzer’s role in the 1973 decision intrigued the media (54). His study, “Can Some Gay Men and Lesbians Change Their Sexual Orientation? 200 Subjects Reporting a Change from Homosexual to Heterosexual Orientation” was published in 2003 in the Archives of Sexual Behavior (55). In lieu of its usual peer review process, however, the journal chose to publish the study with 26 peer review commentaries (56), mostly critical but some laudatory.

Spitzer’s subjects were self-selected (143 males, 57 females) and reported some minimal change from homosexual to heterosexual orientation for at least 5 years. They were interviewed by telephone, in a 45-minute structured interview Spitzer devised. The majority reported changing from a predominantly or exclusively homosexual orientation before therapy to a predominantly or exclusively heterosexual orientation in the year before the study. Reports of complete change were uncommon.

Notably, only 47% saw a mental health professional. Thirty four per cent attended ex-gay or other religious support groups. Nineteen per cent reported help from “a heterosexual role model, bibliotherapy (reading the Bible), or rarely, on their own, changing their relationship to God” (p. 407). As it took 16 months to recruit 200 participants, Spitzer speculated that, “the marked change in sexual orientation reported by almost all of the study subjects may be a rare or uncommon outcome of reparative therapy” (p. 413).

Criticisms of the study—many of its limitations were acknowledged by Spitzer himself (pp. 412-413)—included: (1) the interviewer (Spitzer) was not blind to the research hypothesis; (2) one 45-minute telephone interview without face to face encounters or follow-up; (3) exclusive reliance on self-reports with subjects answering questions about sexual feelings they had “during the year before starting therapy,” which on average was about 12 years before the study; (4) no clear objective measures of sexual orientation; (5) sample bias: most subjects were recruited through ex-gay networks and NARTH; 19% were either mental health professionals working as conversion therapists themselves or directors of ex-gay ministries (Robert Spitzer, personal communication, October 3, 2006), or as one critic calls them, “ex-gay for pay”—people who earn their living promoting sexual conversion therapies’ (67).

IV. Ethical Issues


In 2001, President-Elect Paul Appelbaum, presented an unpublished paper, (cited in an earlier paper with his permission, 30), entitled “Clinical Issues and Ethical Concerns Regarding Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation.”

Appelbaum outlined five conditions for a treatment to be ethical:
• reasonable basis to believe treatment may be effective.
• appropriate disclosure of relevant information to the patient.
• absence of illegitimate pressure on the patient.
• a fiduciary devotion by the therapist to the patient’s best interests.”
• The patient is able to make a competent decision.


Are Sexual Conversion Therapies Effective?

There is no accepted body of research data to support the position that these treatments are effective (63).


Appropriate Disclosure of Relevant Information to Patients


Informed consent is central to ethical practice. It should include sharing scientific, clinical and medical data with the patient as well discussions of the potential benefits and harms of treatment as well as the benefits and harms of declining treatment.

However, consider the question of what causes homosexuality? The truthful response would be that no one knows. A mainstream, scientific view is that biology plays some role (58). Ethically, a clinician, when asked, would present the lack of scientific certainty and the sparse scientific basis supporting the efficacy of sexual conversion therapies. A clinician who disagreed with these interpretations should acknowledge to a patient that hers is not the mainstream view. It is not unethical to have unorthodox views, although informed consent would require a clinician to explain that to the patient.

Using a form of subjective informed consent, the sexual conversion literature interprets scientific data in a manner that is at best misguided and at worst misleading. Nicolosi (40), for example, incorrectly claims that, “Scientific evidence has confirmed that genetic and hormonal factors do not seem to play a determining role in homosexuality.”

In a 2002 study, Shidlo and Schroeder (59) interviewed 200 individuals who underwent sexual conversion therapies. Many had therapists who told them that APA acceptance of a normal variant paradigm was based on politics, not science and that APA’s position notwithstanding, homosexuality is a psychological disorder. Some therapists offer denigrating stereotypes and told subjects that all gay people live unhappy lives.

Another informed consent issue pertains to disclosing risks and benefits of sexual conversion therapies. Other than absence of change, the sexual conversion literature cites no adverse treatment side effects. Instead the literature trumpets therapeutic successes while glossing over treatment failures. As previously mentioned, when no change occurs, blame is attributed—either implicitly or explicitly—to the patient.

Illegitimate Pressure on Patients

Historically, sexual conversion therapists threatened to end treatment if a patient engaged in same-sex activity. Historian Martin Duberman (60) recounts how his analyst told him to give up his relationship with another man or give up the analysis. His account is consistent with clinical recommendations of the times. Socarides (61) says threatening termination may be suitable for some patients but not others (p. 428).

In the present era, sexual conversion therapists may act as enforcers of social conventions rather than as agents of their patients. Shidlo and Schroeder (59) interviewed individuals enrolled in religious universities who were mandated to seek treatment for their sexual orientation or face expulsion. Some subjects reported that therapists threatened to tell—or actually breached confidentiality and did tell— university officials or parents of a student’s homosexual activities. Some subjects saw therapists who refused to accept the patient’s decision to end treatment, and would call patients long after termination to encourage a return to therapy.





Fiduciary Devotion to a Patient’s Best Interests


A fiduciary devotion to a patient’s best interests means the therapist must be willing to tolerate any outcome of treatment, whether it results in a full or partial change in orientation, or in the affirmation of the patient’s same-sex orientation. Although most who try do not change, the conversion therapy literature does not recommend the option of accepting a gay identity. No subject in Schroeder and Shidlo’s (59) study ever received a referral to gay-affirmative therapists after treatment failed. Based on anecdotal reports, patients who give up trying to change and are willing to accept celibacy have been abandoned.

Are Patients Seeking Sexual Conversion Capable of Making a Competent Decision?


Yarhouse (62) says psychologists have “an ethical responsibility to allow individuals to pursue treatment aimed at curbing experiences of same-sex attraction or modifying same-sex behaviors” (p. 248). He bases his assertion on the American Psychological Association’s ethical principles (63), specifically those requiring therapists to give “respect to the fundamental rights, dignity, and worth of all people” (p. 1599) and affirming a client’s right to “privacy, confidentiality, self-determination, and autonomy” (p. 1600). This latter principle, as interpreted by Yarhouse, gives patients “a right to choose” psychotherapies designed to change their sexual feelings.

Yarhouse’s assertion, however, is an overly narrow approach that elevates one ethical principle—patient autonomy—above others. In cases of controversial treatments of questionable efficacy, the principle of autonomy may conflict with other ethical principles, such as the admonition to do no harm.

One historic precedent illustrating such a conflict of principles occurred in the Laetrile controversies (64, 65). Laetrile was purported to cure cancer although scientific studies showed it had no curative effects and the mainstream medical community discouraged its use. Nevertheless, an organized Laetrile movement developed and many patients put off conventional cancer treatment to try Laetrile. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned Laetrile’s distribution. In this case, both government and the medical establishment took the position that preventing harm to the public served a greater good than allowing patients the “right to choose” Laetrile.

Conclusion


As in the case of Laetrile, some individuals desperately wish to change their sexual orientation. It is noteworthy that groups that fund the marketing of sexual conversion therapies do not fund studies to evaluate their efficacy or how to improve outcomes. While psychiatry and other mental health professions could conceivably find a way to take care of patients unhappy about their homosexuality, doing so cannot ethically include exaggerating claims of success, a lack of selection criteria, misinforming patients about basic sex research, or ignoring the possible harm of trying to change. Furthermore, any mental health research in this area should be conducted in conformity with the ethical principles outlined above as well as those of institutional review boards.

Research issues aside, some sexual conversion therapists pursue an antigay political agenda that overshadows important ethical and clinical questions. Until these therapists learn how the importance of “first do no harm,” mental health professionals and the public at large should remain wary of their unsubstantiated, therapeutic claims.


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Reproduced with Permission from, Jack Drescher MD